Oxidative stress is caused by reactive oxygen species that causes cellular damage such as DNA strand breaks or enzyme and membrane damage.  For example, Unnikrishnan et. al. found there to be altered base-excision repair function due to oxidative stress.  This resulted in single strand breaks in the DNA of Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (Unnikrishnan, et. al., 2009).  Oxidative stress can lead to diseases such as neurodegenerative disease, cancer, and cardiovascular disease in humans (Maynard, et. al. 2009).  Hydrogen peroxide is one agent that can cause oxidative stress within cells.  For example, the pentose phosphate pathway, which is involved with the synthesis of carbohydrates, has been shown to be affected by hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress.  Certain antioxidants exist to re-oxidizes DNA and proteins that have undergone this damage.  Yeast with mutants in peroxide sensitivity (such as pos18 and pos10 mutant) have been shown to have an increased sensitivity to oxidative stress (Juhnke, et. al., 1996).  One important antioxidant is NADPH which is made primarily through the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) pathway.  In this pathway, G6PD (ZWF1 gene) reduces NADP to NADPH.  In order to better understand how ZWF1 works in reducing oxidative stress, it is important to explore the genes that appear to be associated with this gene.  According to research done by Dr. Slekar of James Madison University, ZMSD1 and ZMSD2 are genes that have been found to be associated with ZWF1 in reducing oxidative stress.  It has been hypothesized that these are transcriptional factors due to the presence of zinc finger domains.  Baker’s yeast is a common eukaryotic organism used to study oxidative stress because of its versatility.  They can be grown in aerobic or anaerobic conditions and can be haploid or diploid.  Also, they contain common antioxidant genes.  In this study, ZMSD2 will be studied by observing the effects of a knock out mutation (ZMSD2).  The ZMSD2 will be compared to the wild type using microarray analysis.  Microarray analysis is a technique used to observe relative gene expression levels of an entire genome.

 

 

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